[English below]
ໂໜດຄືຜູ້ທີ່ມີສ່ວນຮ່ວມທຸກຄົນໃນເຄື່ອຂ່າຍ Blockchain ເຊີ່ງໝາຍເຖີງຄອມພິວເຕີ ຫຼື ອຸປະກອນເຊື່ອມຕໍ່ເຂົ້າກັບເຄືອຂ່າຍ Blockchain ໂດຍໂໜດແຕ່ລະໂໜດກໍ່ຈະແທນຄອມພິວເຕີແຕ່ລະເຄື່ອງນັ້ນເອງ.
ໂໜດມີຄວາມສຳຄັນຫຼາຍຕໍ່ Blockchain ເນື່ອງຈາກຈຸດເດັ່ນຂອງ Blockchain ຄືມີການກະຈາຍສູນ (Decentralization)
ໂດຍບໍ່ພືງພາໂຕກາງໃດໆ Blockchain ຈື່ງຈຳເປັນຕ້ອງເພິ່ງພາລະບົບ "Peer to Peer (P2P)" ທີ່ໂໜດທຸກໂໜດຈະຕ້ອງເຊື່ອມຕໍ່ກັນສື່ສານກັນ ແລະ ຊ່ວຍກັນດູແລຮັກສາລະບົບ ລວມໄປເຖີງກວດສອບຄວາມຖືກຕ້ອງ ແລະ ຮັກສາຄວາມປອດໄພໃຫ້ກັບ Blockchain.
ປະເພດຂອງໂໜດ (Types of Blockchain Nodes)
ໂໜດຈະແບ່ງອອກເປັນ 2 ປະເພດຄື Full Node ແລະ Light Note ເຊີ່ງ Blockchain ນັ້ນກໍ່ເປິດໃຫ້ຄົນທົ່ວໄປສາມາດເຂົ້າມາເປັນໂໜດທັ່ງ 2 ປະເພດໄດ້ໂດຍການນຳອຸປະກອນຄອມພິວເຕີມາຕໍ່ເຂົ້າລະບົບ.
1. Full Node
ເປັນໂໜດທີ່ເກັບຂໍ້ມູນ Transactionຕ່າງໆ ທີ່ເກິດຂື້ນໃນ Blockchain ທັ່ງໝົດຕັ້ງແຕ່ເເລີ່ມຈົນຮອດປັດຈຸບັນດັ່ງນັ້ນຜູ້ໃຊ້ງານຈື່ງຕ້ອງໃຊ້ເງີນລົງທຶນທີ່ສູງໄປກັບອຸປະກອນທີ່ມີໜ່ວຍຄວາມຈຳສູງສາມາດແບ່ງອອກເປັນ 2 ປະເພດຄື:
1.1 ໂໜດກື່ງເຕັມ (Pruned Full Node)
ເປັນໂໜດທີ່ເກັບຂໍ້ມູນ Transaction ລ້າສຸດແລະຂໍ້ມູນທີ່ເຫຼືອອີກບາງສ່ວນ ໂໜດລັກສະນະນີ້ຊ່ວຍປະຫຍັດພື້ນທີ່ Hard Disk ຂອງອຸປະກອນເຮັດໃຫ້ຜູ້ໃຊ້ງານບໍ່ຕ້ອງໃຊ້ອຸປະກອນສະເປັກສູງໃນການເຊື່ອມຕໍ່ Blockchain ເຊັ່ນ: ຜູ້ໃຊ້ງານອາດຈະໃຊ້ອຸປະກອນທີ່ມີໜ່ວຍຄວາມຈຳພຽງແຕ່ 500MB ໃນຂະນະທີ່ຂໍ້ມູນໃນ Blockchain ທັງໝົດອດຈະມີຫຼາຍເຖີງ 360GB
1.2 ໂໜດເຕັມ (Archival Full Node)
ໂດຍປົກກະຕິແລ້ວ ເມື່ອເວົ້າເຖີງໂໜດເຕັມ (Full Node) ຄົນສ່ວນຫຼາຍຈະນຶກເຖີງໂໜດປະເພດນີ້ ເປັນໂໜດທີ່ເກັບຂໍ້ມູນທັ່ງໝົດຕັ້ງແຕ່ຕົ້ນຜູ້ໃຊ້ງານທີ່ຕ້ອງການເປັນໂໜດແບບເຕັມຕ້ອງໃຊ້ອຸປະກອນທີ່ມີໜ່ວຍຄວາມຈຳຮອງຮັບຂໍ້ມູນ Blockchain ໄດ້ທັງໝົດ ຕົວຢ່າງເຊັ່ນ: ປັດຈຸບັນຜູ້ຕ້ອງການເປັນ Archival Full Node ໃຫ້ Bitcoin ຈະຕ້ອງມີໜ່ວຍຄວາມຈຳຮອງຮັບເຖີງ 360 GB.
Archival Full Node ຍັງສາມາດແບ່ງປະເພດຍ່ອຍໄດ້ອີກເປັນປະເພດທີ່ເພີ່ມບ໋ອກໃໝ່ເຂົ້າໄປໃນ Blockchain ໄດ້ແລະທີ່ເພີ່ມບໍ່ໄດ້.
1.2.1 Miners (Mining Node)
ເປັນ Full Node ທີ່ເພີ່ມບ໋ອກໃໝ່ເຂົ້າໄປໄດ້ດ້ວຍການໃຊ້ (Consensus Protocol) ແບບ Proof of Work ເຊີ່ງເປັນການໃຊ້ແຮງຄອມພິວເຕີ້ແຂ່ງກັນແກ້ສະມະການຄະນິດຕະສາດໃນລະບົບ ຫຼື ເປັນກາຂຸດ (Mining) ນັ້ນເອງ.
1.2.2 Stakers (Staking Node)
ເປັນ Full Node ທີ່ເພີ່ມບ໋ອກໃໝ່ເຂົ້າໄປໄດ້ໂດຍການໃຊ້ລະບົບແບບ Proof of Stake ເຊີ່ງກຳນົດໃຫ້ໂໜດຖືຫຼຽນ ຫຼື ຝາກຫຼຽນ (stake) ເຂົ້າໄປໃນລະບົບເພື່ອແລກກັບໂອກາດໃນການໄດ້ຮັບເລືອກເປັນ Staker.
1.2.3 Authority Node
ເປັນ Full Node ທີ່ເພີ່ມບ໋ອກໃໝ່ເຂົ້າໄປໄດ້ເລີຍໂດຍບໍ່ຕ້ອງຖ້າອະນຸມັດຈາກເຄືອຂ່າຍຄືກັບ Miner ແລະ Staker ເພາະໂໜດກຸ່ມນີ້ໄດ້ຮັບເລືອກໃຫ້ເປັນໂໜດກວກສອບຢູ່ແລ້ວ ສ່ວນຫຼາຍມັກເປັນອົງກອນທີ່ມີຊື່ສຽງ ແລະ ຄວາມໜ້າເຊື່ອຖື ລະບົບ Consensus ທີ່ໃຊ້ການເລືອກໂຕແທນໂໜດກວດສອບໄວ້ແລ້ວ ໄດ້ແກ່ Proof of Authority ແລະ Delegated Proof of Stake ເປັນຕົ້ນ.
1.2.4 Master Node
ເປັນ Full Node ປະເພດທີ່ບໍ່ໄດ້ເພີ່ມບ໋ອກໃໝ່ ແຕ່ມີໜ້າທີ່ຊ່ວຍກວດສອບຄວາມຖືກຕ້ອງຂອງບ໋ອກຕ່າງໆໃນ Blockchain ສຳລັບຜູ້ທີ່ເປັນ Master Node ຈະໄດ້ຮັບຜົນຕອບແທນເຊັ່ນດຽວກັນກັບຜູ້ທີ່ຂຸດຫຼຽນ (Miner) ແລະ ຜູ້ຖືຫຼຽນ (Staker).
2. Light Node - ເປັນໂໜດທີ່ດືງແຕ່ຂໍ້ມູນທີ່ຈຳເປັນໃນ Blockchain ມາໃຊ້ໃນການກວດສອບທຸລະກຳໃນ Blockchain.
2.1 Lightweight Nodes (SPV ຫຼື Simple Payment Verification)
ໂໜດປະເພດນີ້ຈະໃຊ້ສຳລັບການເຮັດທຸລະກຳທົ່ວໆໄປໃນຊີວິດປະຈຳວັນໂດຍ Light Node ຈະສື່ສານກັບໂໜດອື່ນໆ ໂດຍຕ້ອງພື່ງພາຂໍ້ມູນທີ່ຈຳເປັນຈາກ "Full Node" ເພາະໂໜດປະເພດນີ້ບໍ່ໄດ້ເກັບຂໍ້ມູນທັງ Blockchain ແຕ່ມີພຽງຂໍ້ມູນສະຖານະຂອງບ໋ອກລ່າສຸດ ແລະ ຊ່ວຍກະຈາຍຂ່າວເລື່ອງບ໋ອກໃໝ່ໆ ໄປຍັງເຄືອຂ່າຍສຳລັບການປະມວນຜົນ.
Q&A
Q: ເປັນຫຍັງຕ້ອງຣັນ Full Node ໃນ Blockchain?
A: ສ່ວນຫຼາຍແລ້ວຜູ້ທີ່ຣັນ Full Node ໃນ Blockchain ເອງນັ້ນຕ້ອງການຄວາມປອດໄພ ແລະ ຄວາມເປັນສ່ວນຕົວທີ່ຫຼາຍກວ່າການເພິ່ງພາ Full Node ຂອງຜູ້ອື່ນ ອີກທັງການເປັນ Full Node ຫຼາຍຂື້ນໃນລະບົບຍັງຊ່ວຍລົດຄວາມສ່ຽງໃນການຖືກໂຈມຕີເຄືອຂ່າຍໄດ້
Q: Full Node ກັບ Master Node ຄືກັນ ຫຼື ບໍ່?
A: Full Node ກັບ Master Node ມີຄຸນນະສົມບັດຄືກັນ ແຕ່ຫາກຜູ້ທີ່ມາເປັນໂໜດຕ້ອງການຫາລາຍໄດ້ ກໍ່ສາມາດເລືອກທີ່ຈະເປັນ Master Node ໄດ້ແຫຼ່ງອ້າອີງ: https://nodes.com/#masternodes
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Node is what we call all the participants in the blockchain network. Technically, each node represents an individual computer or device connected to a blockchain network.
Node is very important for blockchain’s decentralization. Since blockchain doesn’t rely on any third party, Peer to Peer (P2P) needs to be implemented. That means each node needs to communicate with each other and help maintain the system including block verification, protocol validity, and security of the blockchain.
Types of Blockchain Nodes
Nodes are divided into two types: Full Node and Light Node. Blockchain is open to the general public to act as both types of nodes by attaching computing devices to the system.
1. Full Node
A node that stores all transactions that occur on the blockchain from the beginning to the present. Therefore, users have to invest in devices with a high capacity of memory cards and space. A full node can be divided into two types:
1.1 Pruned Full Node
This is a node that stores the latest transaction and some remaining data. This type of node saves the device’s hard disk space, eliminating the need for high-spec devices to connect to the blockchain. Users can find a device with 500 MB capacity to store some necessary information, while users who wish to provide a full node that stores all the history of the blockchain need up to 360 GB of space in their device.
1.2 Archival Full Node
Usually, when talking about Full nodes, most people refer to this type of node. It is the node that stores all the data from the beginning. Users who want to be an archival full node need a device with large-capacity memory to support all blockchain data. For example, users who currently want to become an archival full node for Bitcoin will need a device with 360 GB of memory.
An archival full node can also be further sub-categorized as ones that can add new blocks to the blockchain and ones that cannot.
1.2.1Miners (Mining Node)
A full node that adds new blocks to the blockchain by using proof of Works in its consensus protocol. To validate transactions, let’s say in the Bitcoin blockchain, “miners” are required to solve cryptographic, or mathematical problems, using their computers.
1.2.2Stakers (Staking Node)
A full node that adds new blocks to the blockchain by using proof of Stakeas its consensus protocol. Stakers are required to stake or hold the cryptocurrency in order to be eligible for the validator node selection.
1.2.3 Authority Node
This type of node can perform its tasks of transaction validation without anyone giving them permission. These nodes have been pre-selected to be validator nodes. Most of them are organizations or companies with reputations and credibility. Consensus protocols that rely on pre-selected validator nodes are Proof of Authority, Delegated Proof of Stake, etc.
1.2.4 Master Node
Compared to other types of full nodes, master nodes themselves cannot add blocks to the blockchain. While miners or stakers are the ones writing blocks on the blockchain, the master node’s purpose is to keep a record of transactions and validate them. An added benefit, however, is that by running a master node, users not only secure the network but can also earn a share of the rewards for their services.
2. Light Node
Another type of blockchain node that downloads only the headers of blocks and saves the remaining hard drive space for users.
2.1Lightweight Nodes (SPV or Simple Payment Verification)
Lightweight nodes are used in day-to-day crypto operations and transactions. They communicate with the blockchain while relying on full nodes to provide them with the necessary information. As they don’t store a copy of all blockchain data, they only require the current status of the latest blocks, and broadcast transactions for processing.
Q&A
Q: Why should I run a full node?
A: Most of the time, people who run full nodes on the blockchain want more security and privacy than relying on other people's full nodes. Moreover, having more full nodes in their system reduces the risk of network attacks.
Q: Are full nodes similar to master nodes?
A: Full nodes and master nodes have the same features. But if you want to earn money while hosting the nodes, you can choose to become a master node. Be noted that you should have a careful calculation of costs and incomes. Source https://nodes.com/#masternodes
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